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biology MCQs

12th • Chapter 10

50 Questions TextBook
1

Who is credited with introducing the binomial nomenclature for naming species?

A
Charles Darwin
B
Lamarck
C
Carolus Linnaeus
D
Gregor Mendel
2

According to the text, what is the maximum temperature that Archaeobacteria can tolerate?

A
100°C
B
110°C
C
120°C
D
130°C
3

The endosymbiont hypothesis, explaining the origin of eukaryotes, was first proposed by whom?

A
Charles Darwin
B
Lynn Margulis
C
Alfred Wallace
D
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
4

When did the first eukaryotes appear, according to the provided text?

A
3.5 billion years ago
B
420 million years ago
C
1.5 billion years ago
D
1809
5

Which scientist developed a theory of natural selection that was essentially identical to Darwin's?

A
Malthus
B
Lyell
C
Lamarck
D
Alfred Wallace
6

According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, mitochondria are thought to have evolved from which organisms?

A
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria
B
Spirochetes
C
Anaerobic prokaryotes
D
Small aerobic bacteria
7

The first photosynthetic organisms likely used what substance as a source of hydrogen?

A
Water
B
Methane
C
Ammonia
D
Hydrogen sulfide
8

Darwin published his famous book 'The Origin of Species' in which year?

A
1809
B
1844
C
1858
D
1859
9

The total aggregate of all genes and alleles in a population at any one time is called its what?

A
Genotype
B
Phenotype
C
Gene pool
D
Genome
10

Which of the following is considered the ultimate source of all genetic change?

A
Migration
B
Genetic drift
C
Natural selection
D
Mutation
11

The forelimbs of a human, a bat, and a whale are examples of what type of structures?

A
Analogous structures
B
Vestigial structures
C
Homologous structures
D
Convergent structures
12

What is the respiratory protein found in all aerobic species, which serves as evidence for common ancestry?

A
Hemoglobin
B
Myoglobin
C
Cytochrome c
D
Actin
13

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation p² represent?

A
The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype
B
The frequency of the heterozygous genotype
C
The frequency of the dominant allele
D
The frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype
14

A change in allele frequencies in a population due to random chance is known as what?

A
Non-random mating
B
Natural selection
C
Genetic drift
D
Migration
15

According to the text, which of the following animals has been declared extinct in Pakistan?

A
Indus dolphin
B
Blackbuck
C
Cheetah
D
Common leopard
16

Who published the 'Essay on the Principle of Population', which influenced Darwin's thinking?

A
Lyell
B
Malthus
C
Cuvier
D
Wallace
17

The idea that modifications an organism acquires during its lifetime can be passed to its offspring is called?

A
Natural Selection
B
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
C
Descent with Modification
D
Endosymbiosis
18

On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed and collected how many different types of finches?

A
10
B
13
C
15
D
20
19

The modern evolutionary synthesis, which reconciled Darwinism and Mendelism, is also known as what?

A
Population Genetics
B
Neo-Lamarckism
C
Neo-Darwinism
D
Catastrophism
20

The study of the geographical distribution of species is called what?

A
Palaeontology
B
Taxonomy
C
Embryology
D
Biogeography
21

The wings of a bat and the wings of an insect are examples of functionally similar but structurally different organs, known as what?

A
Homologous organs
B
Analogous organs
C
Vestigial organs
D
Divergent organs
22

Rudimentary structures with no essential function, like the pelvis in whales, are called what?

A
Homologous organs
B
Adaptive traits
C
Vestigial organs
D
Analogous organs
23

In the early embryonic development of vertebrates, what structures are found on the sides of their throats?

A
Lungs
B
Gill pouches
C
Fins
D
Amniotic sacs
24

The selection and breeding of individuals with desired traits by humans is called what?

A
Natural selection
B
Artificial selection
C
Genetic drift
D
Sexual selection
25

If the frequency of the dominant allele (p) in a population is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?

A
0.7
B
0.3
C
0.49
D
0.5
26

Which factor of evolutionary change prevents populations from diverging by exchanging members?

A
Mutation
B
Selection
C
Migration
D
Genetic drift
27

According to the text, tropical rainforests, a highly threatened habitat, have been reduced to what percentage of their original extent?

A
95%
B
50%
C
44%
D
25%
28

A species that is likely to become endangered in the near future is defined as what?

A
Extinct species
B
Endangered species
C
Threatened species
D
Invasive species
29

Which scientist contributed much to palaeontology and explained Earth's history by catastrophism?

A
Linnaeus
B
Cuvier
C
Lyell
D
Malthus
30

The idea that life could have originated deep in the oceans in underwater hot springs is called the?

A
Endosymbiont hypothesis
B
Volcanic vent hypothesis
C
Hydrothermal vent hypothesis
D
Abiotic synthesis hypothesis
31

Life on land became possible about 420 million years ago due to the formation of what?

A
The oceans
B
The ozone layer
C
Continents
D
Multicellular life
32

Which concept is described as life's history being like a tree with branches from a common trunk?

A
Special Creation
B
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
C
Descent with Modification
D
Neo-Darwinism
33

The chronological appearance of vertebrate classes in the fossil record starts with which group?

A
Amphibians
B
Reptiles
C
Fishes
D
Mammals
34

Flower parts are considered to be homologous to what other plant part?

A
Roots
B
Stems
C
Leaves
D
Pollen
35

The Hardy-Weinberg theorem was independently derived by two scientists in what year?

A
1859
B
1900
C
1908
D
1940
36

Inbreeding is the most common form of what type of evolutionary change factor?

A
Genetic drift
B
Non-random mating
C
Selection
D
Mutation
37

In the wildflower population example, what is the genotype frequency of heterozygous (Aa) individuals?

A
0.64
B
0.04
C
0.32
D
0.8
38

Who was in charge of the invertebrate collection at the Natural History Museum in Paris?

A
Charles Darwin
B
Georges Cuvier
C
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
D
Carolus Linnaeus
39

What is a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species called?

A
A gene pool
B
A community
C
An ecosystem
D
A population
40

The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is given as an example of what?

A
Artificial selection
B
Genetic drift
C
Natural selection in action
D
The founder effect
41

The modern synthesis of evolution integrated discoveries from many fields, including paleontology, taxonomy, and what else?

A
Astrology
B
Population genetics
C
Chemistry
D
Physics
42

Similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry is known as what?

A
Analogy
B
Homology
C
Convergence
D
Divergence
43

In humans, the gill pouches of the embryo become modified to form what structures?

A
The thyroid gland
B
The vocal cords
C
The Eustachian tubes
D
The tonsils
44

Which term describes species that are native to a certain area and found nowhere else?

A
Endemic
B
Exotic
C
Endangered
D
Keystone
45

If an allele is the only one that exists for that gene in a population, it is said to be what?

A
Dominant
B
Recessive
C
Heterozygous
D
Fixed
46

Which of these habitats in Pakistan is mentioned as being 'in peril'?

A
Alpine meadows
B
Coastal beaches
C
Wetlands
D
Urban parks
47

Darwin's voyage on which ship was crucial for the development of his theory?

A
The Endeavour
B
The Beagle
C
The Discovery
D
The Challenger
48

The theory of special creation states that all living things were created...

A
From ancestral species
B
By natural selection
C
In their present forms
D
Through genetic mutation
49

According to the text, how many species of endangered plants have been recorded in Pakistan?

A
About 100
B
About 250
C
Less than 50
D
More than 500
50

The membrane invagination hypothesis is another explanation for the evolution of what?

A
Multicellularity
B
Eukaryotic cells
C
Photosynthesis
D
Sexual reproduction